Tontonan (entertainment)
Wayang puppet performances are a form of entertainment (tontonan) for the community. Wayang performances in the form of theatre performances are still very popular especially in the islands of Java and Bali. Puppet shows are still the favorite of the community and are often included in TV, radio, YouTube, and other social media. Wayang performances present a variety of arts such as drama, music, dance, literary arts, and fine arts. Dialogue between characters, narrative expressions (janturan, pocapan, carita), suluk, kombangan, dhodhogan, and kepyakan are important elements in wayang performances.[43]
The dalang, sometimes referred to as dhalang or kawi dalang, is the puppeteer behind the performance.[2][5][44] It is he who sits behind the screen, sings and narrates the dialogues of different characters of the story.[45] With a traditional orchestra in the background to provide a resonant melody and its conventional rhythm, the dalang modulates his voice to create suspense, thus heightening the drama. Invariably, the play climaxes with the triumph of good over evil. The dalang is highly respected in Indonesian culture for his knowledge, art and as a spiritual person capable of bringing to life the spiritual stories in the religious epics.[2][5][45]
The figures of the wayang are also present in the paintings of that time, for example, the roof murals of the courtroom in Klungkung, Bali. They are still present in traditional Balinese painting today. The figures are painted, flat (5 to at most 15 mm — about half an inch — thick) woodcarvings with movable arms. The head is solidly attached to the body. Wayang klitik can be used to perform puppet plays either during the day or at night. This type of wayang is relatively rare.[citation needed]
Wayang today is both the most ancient and the most popular form of puppet theatre in the world. Hundreds of people will stay up all night long to watch the superstar performers, dalang, who command extravagant fees and are international celebrities. Some of the most famous dalang in recent history are Ki Nartosabdho, Ki Anom Suroto, Ki Asep Sunandar Sunarya, Ki Sugino, and Ki Manteb Sudarsono.[citation needed]
PasindhènPesindhén or sindhén (from Javanese) is the term for a woman who sings to accompany a gamelan orchestra, generally as the sole singer. A good singer must have extensive communication skills and good vocal skills as well as the ability to sing many songs. The title Sinden comes from the word Pasindhian which means 'rich in songs' or 'who sing the song'. Pesindhen can be interpreted as someone singing a song. In addition, sinden is also commonly referred to as waranggana which is taken from a combination of the words wara and anggana. The word wara itself means 'someone who is female' and anggana which means 'itself'; in ancient times, the waranggana was the only woman in the wayang or klenengan performance.
Wiyaga is a term in the musical arts which means a group of people who have special skills playing the gamelan, especially in accompanying traditional ceremonies and performing arts. Wiyaga is also called niyaga or nayaga which means 'gamelan musician'.
The Wayang Museum is located in the tourist area of the Kota Tua Jakarta (old city) in Jalan Pintu Besar Utara No.27, Jakarta 11110, Indonesia. The Wayang Museum is adjacent to the Jakarta Historical Museum.[46]
This museum has various types of Indonesian wayang collections such as wayang kulit, wayang golek, wayang klithik, wayang suket, wayang beber, and another Indonesian wayang.[clarification needed] There is also a collection of masks (topeng), gamelan, and wayang paintings. The collections are not only from Indonesia, but there are many collections of puppets from various countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Suriname, China, Vietnam, France, India, Turkey, and many other countries.
Wayang glass painting depiction of Bharatayudha battle.
Wayang beber depiction of a battle.
Wayang kulit and wayang golek dalang (puppeteer), Ki Entus Susmono.
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Indonesian puppet theatre
Wayang (Javanese: ꦮꦪꦁ, romanized: wayang) is a traditional form of puppet theatre play originating from the Indonesian island of Java.[1][2][3] Wayang refers to the entire dramatic show. Sometimes the leather puppet itself is referred to as wayang.[4] Performances of wayang puppet theatre are accompanied by a gamelan orchestra in Java, and by gender wayang in Bali. The dramatic stories depict mythologies, such as episodes from the Hindu epics the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, as well as local adaptations of cultural legends.[2][5][6] Traditionally, a wayang is played out in a ritualized midnight-to-dawn show by a dalang, an artist and spiritual leader; people watch the show from both sides of the screen.[2][5]
Wayang performances are still very popular among Indonesians, especially in the islands of Java and Bali. Wayang performances are usually held at certain rituals, certain ceremonies, certain events, and even tourist attractions. In ritual contexts, puppet shows are used for prayer rituals (held in temples in Bali),[7] ruwatan ritual (cleansing Sukerto children from bad luck),[8] and sedekah bumi ritual (thanksgiving to God for the abundant crops).[9] In the context of ceremonies, usually it is used to celebrate mantenan (Javanese wedding ceremony) and sunatan (circumcision ceremony). In events, it is used to celebrate Independence Day, the anniversaries of municipalities and companies, birthdays, commemorating certain days, and many more. Even in the modern era with the development of tourism activities, wayang puppet shows are used as cultural tourism attractions.[10]
Wayang traditions include acting, singing, music, drama, literature, painting, sculpture, carving, and symbolic arts. The traditions, which have continued to develop over more than a thousand years, are also a medium for information, preaching, education, philosophical understanding, and entertainment.[11]
UNESCO designated wayang – the flat leather shadow puppet (wayang kulit), the flat wooden puppet (wayang klitik), and the three-dimensional wooden puppet (wayang golek) theatre, as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 7 November 2003. In return for the acknowledgment, UNESCO required Indonesians to preserve the tradition.[12]
The term wayang is the Javanese word for 'shadow'[3][13] or 'imagination'. The word's equivalent in Indonesian is bayang. In modern daily Javanese and Indonesian vocabulary, wayang can refer to the puppet itself or the whole puppet theatre performance.[citation needed]
Wayang is the traditional puppet theatre of Indonesia.[14][2][5] It is an ancient form of storytelling known for its elaborate puppets and complex musical styles.[15] The earliest evidence of wayang comes from medieval-era texts and archeological sites dating from late 1st millennium CE. There are four theories concerning where wayang originated (indigenous to Java; Java–India; India; and China), but of these, two are more favored: Java and India.
Regardless of its origins, states Brandon, wayang developed and matured into a Javanese phenomenon. There is no true contemporary puppet shadow artwork in either China or India that has the sophistication, depth, and creativity expressed in wayang in Java, Indonesia.[16]
Tatanan (norms and values)
Wayang is a performance medium that can contain all aspects of human life. Human thoughts, whether related to ideology, politics, economy, social, culture, law, defense, and security, can be contained in wayang. In the wayang puppets contain order, namely a norm or convention that contains ethics (moral philosophy). These norms or conventions are agreed upon and used as guidelines for the mastermind artists. In the puppet show, there are rules of the game along with the procedures for puppetry and how to play the puppet, from generation to generation and tradition, over time it becomes something that is agreed upon as a guideline (convention).
Wayang is an educational medium that focuses on moral and character education. Character education is something that is urgent and fundamental; character education can form a person who has good behavior.[43]
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Kesenian Wayang Kulit dan Wayang Wong
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Merupakan seni pertunjukan yang pelaku-pelakunya berwujud boneka dua dimensi yang ditatah atau diukir dan disaji-kan oleh seorang dalang. Kata wayang diduga berasal dari kata wewayangan yang artinya ba-yangan, hal ini sesuai dengan ke-nyataan pada pertunjukan wayang kulit yang menggunakan kelir, secarik kain sebagai pembatas antara dalang yang memainkan wayang dan penonton dibalik kelir. Penonton hanya menyaksikan gerakan-gerakan wayang yang jatuh pada kelir. Pertunjukan wayang kulit diiringi oleh seperangkat gamelan sederhana (gamelan gender) ada ayang lebih lengkap dalam bentuk kreasi. Dibedakan dengan Ngeramayana dengan Marwa, yang pertama diwarnai oleh cerit perng perebutan Shinta antara Rama dengan Rahwana (Dasamuka), sedangkan yang kedua lebih banyak mengandalkan cerita Mahaberata, sehingga intrumentnya cukup gender wayang saja, sepasang atau dua pasang.
Berbeda dengan wayang wong yang juga merupakan seni pertunjukan dan pelaku-pelakunya manusia atau orang yang memakai tapel dari perwujudan tokoh pewayangan, ia merupakan gendre dari tari lakon Bali perpaduan antara tari drama dan musik. Di Bali ada dua jenis wayang wong yaitu wayang wong Parwa dan wayang wong Ramayana, perbedaannya terletak pada cerita atau lakonnya. Wayang wong Parwa mengambil lakon dari wiracarita (epos) Mahabrata sedangkan Wayang wong Ramayana mengambill lakon wiracarita Ramayana. Semuanya untuk memasyarakatkan nili-nilai pewayangan yang nota bena dianggap sebagai nilai universal dalam Agama Hindu. Lihat foto Wayang Wong Tejakula yang dipentaskan di Bulfest Buleleng tahun 2015 di Puri Kanginan.
Sumber: Foto Panitia Bulfest, 2016.
Tuntunan (guidelines)
Wayang is a communicative medium in society. Wayang is used as a means of understanding a tradition, an approach to society, lighting,[clarification needed] and disseminating values. Wayang as a medium for character education lies not only in the elements of the story, the stage, the instruments, and the art of puppetry, but also the embodiment of values in each wayang character. The embodiment of wayang characters can describe a person's character. From the puppet one can learn about leadership, courage, determination, honesty, and sincerity. Apart from that, the puppets can reflect the nature of anger, namely greed, jealousy, envy, cruelty, and ambition.[43]
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